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Marcus Aurelius Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus; 26 April 121 - 17 March 180) was a Roman emperor from 161 to 180 and a Stoic philosopher. He was the last of the rulers known as the Five Good Emperors (a term coined some 13 centuries later by Niccolò Machiavelli), and the last emperor of the Pax Romana, an age of relative peace and stability for the Roman Empire. He served as Roman consul in 140, 145, and 161. Marcus was born during the reign of Hadrian to the emperor's nephew, the praetor Marcus Annius Verus (III), and his wife, the heiress Domitia Lucilla. Following the death of his father, Marcus was raised by his mother and grandfather, Marcus Annius Verus (II). After Hadrian's adoptive son, Aelius Caesar, died in 138, the emperor adopted Marcus' uncle Antoninus Pius as his new heir. In turn, Antoninus adopted Marcus and the son of Aelius, Lucius (later to rule as Emperor Lucius Verus alongside Marcus). Hadrian died that year and Antoninus became emperor. Now heir to the throne, Marcus studied Greek and Latin under tutors such as Herodes Atticus and Marcus Cornelius Fronto. He kept in close correspondence with Fronto for many years afterwards. Marcus married Antoninus' daughter Faustina in 145. Antoninus died following an illness in 161. The reign of Marcus Aurelius was marked by military conflict. In the East, the Roman Empire fought successfully with a revitalized Parthian Empire and the rebel Kingdom of Armenia. Marcus defeated the Marcomanni, Quadi, and Sarmatian Iazyges in the Marcomannic Wars; however, these and other Germanic peoples began to represent a troubling reality for the Empire. He modified the silver purity of the Roman currency, the denarius. The persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire is believed to have increased during his reign. The Antonine Plague broke out in 165 or 166 and devastated the population of the Roman Empire, causing the deaths of five million people. Lucius Verus may have died from the plague in 169. Unlike some of his predecessors, Marcus chose not to adopt an heir. His children included Lucilla, who married Lucius, and Commodus, whose succession after Marcus has become a subject of debate among both contemporary and modern historians. The Column and Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius still stand in Rome, where they were erected in celebration of his military victories. Meditations, the writings of "the philosopher" - as contemporary biographers called Marcus, are a significant source of the modern understanding of ancient Stoic philosophy. They have been praised by fellow writers, philosophers, monarchs, and politicians centuries after his death.
/9781781390054.png "Treatises on Friendship and Old Age, de Amicitia, Scipio's Dream")
/9783847245353.png "Vom Redner")
/9781104888282.png "Oraisons Choisies De Ciceron, Latines Et Francoises (1706)")
/9781104997267.png "M. Tullii Ciceronis Epistolae Quotquot Supersunt Ad Exemplar Londinense Editae (1747)")
/9781104604882.png "Abhandlungen Uber Die Menschlichen Pflichten (1784)")
/9782012869820.png "Seconde Philippique")
/9782012188891.png "Pensées de Cicéron, Traduction Nouvelle.Tome 1")
/9782012193789.png "Les Catilinaires de Cicéron")
/9781161985115.png "Cicero's Oration For Sex. Roscius Amerinus (1880)")
/9781161985740.png "The Oration Against Q. Caecilius")
/9781104186999.png "M. T. Ciceronis De Finibus Bonorum Et Malorum Libri Quinque")
/9781104665821.png "The Speech Of Cicero For Aulus Cluentius Habitus")
/9780274765935.png "Entretiens De Ciceron Sur Le Nature Des Dieux; Volume 1")
/9782012981348.png "Deuxième Action de Cicéron Contre Verrès, Sur Les Supplices")
/9782012981355.png "Plaidoyer de Cicéron Pour Muréna")
/9782012981362.png "Traité Des Devoirs")
/9780521335010.png "Cicero")
/9781120172198.png "Catilinarian Orations From The Text Of Ernesti (1829)")
/9781438516370.png "Cicero's Brutus or History of Famous Orators")
/9781020938092.png "Fasc. 43 De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum Libri Quinque")
/9781104083984.png "Ciceros Brutus De Claribus Oratoribus (1856)")
/9781104187224.png "M. Tullii Ciceronis In M. Antonium Oratio Philippica Secunda (1881)")
/9781104187347.png "M. T. Cicero's Cato Major, Or Discourse On Old Age")
/9782012869806.png "de la République")
/9782012827660.png "de la Nature Des Dieux: Livre Second")
/9782012188082.png "Harangues de Cicéron Contre Catilina, Suivies de Diverses Notes Et Analyses")
/9782012188174.png "Discours Pour Sa Maison, Latin-Français En Regard.Nouvelle Édition, Revue")
/9782012184282.png "Dialogue Sur La Vieillesse, Expliqué Littéralement, Traduit En Français Et Annoté")
/9782012188327.png "Discours Sur Les Statues")
/9782012190924.png "Les Catilinaires Et Le Dialogue Sur Les Orateurs Illustres")
/9782012188884.png "Pensées de Cicéron, Traduction Nouvelle.Tome 2")
/9782012869813.png "Des Lois")
/9782011857125.png "La République de Cicéron. Nouvelle Édition")
/9780691156576.png "How to Run a Country")
/9781120702296.png "Selected Epistles Of Cicero, Part 1")
/9781161986686.png "A Literal Translation Of Cicero's Philippic Orations, Book 2 (1881)")