This special issue of the journal "zeitgeschichte" presents the results of the doctoral theses written within the framework of the "Doctoral College European Historical Dictatorship and Transformation Research" (2009-2012) as selected scholarly essays. The contributions are devoted to authoritarian regimes of the 20th century in Austria, Belarus, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, and the Soviet Union. Using various methods from the humanities and social sciences, diff erent aspects of mainly "small" dictatorships are examined: conditions of emergence, structures, continuities, as well as preceding and subsequent processes of political and social transformation. Das vorliegende Sonderheft der Zeitschrift »zeitgeschichte« stellt die Ergebnisse der im Rahmen des Initiativkollegs (IK) Europäische historische Diktatur-