The ancient Indian text of Kautilyäs Arthä¿stra comes forth as a valuable non- Western resource for understanding contemporary International Relations (IR). However, Kautilyäs Arthä¿stra largely suffers from the problem of ¿presentism¿, whereby present-day assumptions of the dominant theoretical models of Classical Realism and Neorealism are read back into it, thereby disrupting open reflections on Kautilyäs Arthä¿stra which could retrieve its ¿alternative assumptions¿ and ¿unconventional traits¿. This book attempts to enable Kautilyäs Arthä¿stra to break free from the problem of presentism ¿ it does so by juxtaposing the elements of continuity and change that showed up at different junctures of the life-history of both ¿Kautilyäs Arthä¿strä and