This book examines the butterfly effect in China's modern economic development during the period of 1978¿2018. In chaos theory, the butterfly effect refers to a phenomenon that a butterfly flaps its wings in Okinawa, and subsequently a storm may ravage New York. Deng applied a trivial idea, called the market mechanism, to Chinäs countryside in 1978. The idea has subsequently caused economic structural changes and fast growth in the economy with the largest population in human history. Chinäs per capita GDP jumped from $100 in 1978 to over US$8,000 in 2018. Eight hundred million people have made a great escape from poverty. By 2018, China was