This volume presents the cutting-edge research of leading scientists, re- examining the major debates in Neanderthal research with the use of innovative methods and exciting new theoretical approaches. Coverage includes the re- evaluation of Neanderthal anatomy, inferred adaptations and habitual activities, developmental patterns, phylogenetic relationships, and the Neanderthal extinction; new methods include computer tomography, 3D geometric morphometrics, ancient DNA and bioenergetics. The book offers fresh insight into both Neanderthals and modern humans.