primarily to de­ ductive and inductive arguments. Understanding the contribution of model­ ing practices to discovery and conceptual change in science requires ex­ panding scientific reasoning to include complex forms of creative reasoning that are not always successful and can lead to incorrect solutions. The study of these heuristic ways of reasoning is situated at the crossroads of philoso­ phy, artificial intelligence, cognitive psychology, and logic; that is, at the heart of cognitive science. There are several key ingredients common to the various forms of model­ based reasoning to be considered in this book. The models are intended as in­ terpretations of target physical systems, processes, phenomena, or situations. The models are retrieved or constructed on the basis of potentially satisfying salient constraints of the target domain.