This book provides a comprehensive treatment of the logic behind hypothesis testing. Readers will learn to understand statistical hypothesis testing and how to interpret P-values under a variety of conditions including a single hypothesis test, a collection of hypothesis tests, and tests performed on accumulating data. The author explains how a hypothesis test can be interpreted to draw conclusions, and descriptions of the logic behind frequentist (classical) and Bayesian approaches to interpret the results of a statistical hypothesis test are provided. Both approaches have their own strengths and challenges, and a special challenge presents itself when hypothesis tests are repeatedly performed on accumulating data. Possible pitfalls