The late 19th century of the Common Era also marked the end of the 13th Islamic century, a time when millions of Muslims-especially in sub-Saharan Africa-fervently expected the arrival of a Mahdi, a "divinely guided one," who would fill the world with justice and equity and defeat the enemies of Islam. The Sudanese holy man Muhammad Ahmad, proclaiming himself to be the Expected Mahdi, famously led an uprising against Turco-Egyptian rule that culminated in the capture of Khartoum in 1885. Following his sudden death, his successor, Khalifa Abdallahi, ruled Sudan for 13 tumultuous years from Omdurman-"the Mahdi's city"-opposite Khartoum on the Nile. A self-consciously holy city, a place of pilgrimage,