Over the past decade, illiberal powers have become emboldened and gained influence within the global arena. Leading authoritarian countries¿including China, Iran, Russia, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela¿have developed new tools and strategies to contain the spread of democracy and challenge the liberal international political order. Meanwhile, the advanced democracies have retreated, failing to respond to the threat posed by the authoritarians. As undemocratic regimes become more assertive, they are working together to repress civil society while tightening their grip on cyberspace and expanding their reach in international media. These political changes have fostered the emergence of new counternorms¿such as the authoritarian subversion of credible election monitoring¿that threaten