The Romans were not exactly known for their leniency towards criminals. Particularly during Late Antiquity, they are often described as especially brutal towards those on the wrong side of the law. But is this really true? Despite their poor reputation, most cruel forms of execution disappeared in the fourth century. State coercion faced increasing scrutiny by Christian authorities and sometimes resisted by the population, as doubts arose about the notorious raison d'état of Late Antiquity. But why did punishments such as the arena punishment or crucifixion become uncommon? Where did executions take place and how were they perceived by those present? What influence did the Christianization