This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Natural Computing, TPNC 2021, held virtually, in December 2021. The 9 full papers presented together with 3 invited talks, in this book were carefully reviewed and selected from 14 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections named Applications of Natural Computing, Deep Learning and Transfer Learning, Evolutionary and Swarm Algorithms.