immersed in the design and operation of cyber te- nology. This book sheds light on those activities in a way that is comprehensible not only to technology professionals but also to the technology hobbyist and those simply curious about the ?eld. When I started contributing to the ?eld of cybersecurity, it was an obscure ?eld, rarely mentioned in the mainstream media. According to the FBI, by 2009 organized crime syndicates were making more money via cybercrime than in drug traf?- ing. In spite of the rise in cybercrime and the advance of sophisticated threat actors online, the cyber security profession continues to lag behind in its ability to inves- gate cybercrime and understand the root causes of cyber attacks. In the late 1990s I worked to respond to sophisticated attacks as part of the U. S.