The Paris of the 1860s and 1870s was supposedly a brand-new city, equipped with boulevards, cafs, parks, and suburban pleasure grounds--the birthplace of those habits of commerce and leisure that constitute "modern life." Questioning those who view Impressionism solely in terms of artistic technique, T. J. Clark describes the painting of Manet, Degas, Seurat, and others as an attempt to give form to that modernity and seek out its typical representatives--be they bar-maids, boaters, prostitutes, sightseers, or "petits bourgeois" lunching on the grass. The central question of "The Painting of Modern Life" is this: did modern painting as it came into being celebrate the consumer-oriented culture of the Paris of Napoleon III,