This book describes the beginning and development of unemployment reform until the New Deal. As a consequence of large scale industrialization after the Civil War, joblessness could no longer be understood to be caused by a character defect, but had to be ascribed to societal forces. It became clear to the concerned that traditional remedial measures could not adequately cope with the problem. By the time of the entry of the United States into World War I reformist thinking had devised the major instruments that were later employed in dealing with unemployment. After the war and during most of the 1920s these instruments underwent thorough examination